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Mural Crown

Mural Crown: artistic motif from the ancient Near East, also used in Hellenistic and Roman art.

An Elamite goddess wearing a mural crown in Naqš-i Rustam

The oldest depictions of mural crowns can be found in the second millennium BCE, inAssyria and Elam. Among the people depicted with this object is queen Aššur-šarrat, the wife of the Assyrian king Aššurbanipal (r.668-631), on a relief that is now in Berlin.

Another early representation can be found inNaqš-i Rustam, where fragments of a very ancient relief have survived near a relief that commemorates the Sassanian king Bahram II (r.276-294). Because a part of the old relief is now lost, we do not know whether the crowned lady is a queen or a deity.

           A mural crown on Tyche's head

The mural crown was introduced into Greek art by Eutychides of Sicyon (c.335-c.275), a pupil of the great Lysippus, and the creator of the famous statue of the Tyche of Antioch. This work of art became very famous, and influenced other statues of protective city deities. Some copies of the statue of Artemis ofEphesus wear a mural crown too; the object also crowns the head of nearly all statues of Cybele.

Temple of Bacchus, ceiling

Aššur-šarrat

Coat of arms of Saint-Augustine (Florida)

Octavia as Tyche

            Sulpicius Celsus' decorations

In the Roman empire, a crown in the shape of a wall was awarded to the first soldier who scaled the wall of a besieged city.note It was made of gold, and was considered to be a very important decoration. The emperor Augustustried to donate these as sparingly as possible, to maintain the extraordinary value.note

Nevertheless, mural crowns remained in use as symbols of cities. When in Baalbek the temple of Bacchus was constructed, the towns that had contributed to the project, were represented with heads with mural crowns. Not in the shrine itself, though, which was reserved for the god himself: the crowned ladies can be seen in the peristyle (the corridor between the outer wall of the temple and the columns).

In the Middle Ages, the symbol disappeared. However, as crown of the statue of the goddess of the city's fortune, the mural crown became popular again in the Renaissance, not only on statues, but also as a heraldic symbol. Many cities in Europe and its former colonies have a mural crown on top of their coat of arms.

Coat of arms of Paris

Mural crown on Cybele (silvertetradrachm issued by Smyrna, 160–150 BC)

The Tyche of Antioch, Roman version of a 3rd-century BC bronze by Eutychides

Cybele goddess in Madrid(on her head with mural crown)

Artemis with mural crown

Watchtower on head of Artemis goddess.